[Christ-centered apologetics]

(Part two of a two-part series on Christ, the cross, and apologetics.)

Yesterday morning in my philosophy of religion class, we were studying a famous exchange between logical positivist A.J. Ayer and Jesuit philosopher Frederick Copleston. These two intellectual giants were tangling over the question of whether it was possible to have empirical knowledge of God. Copleston argued that one could, but the difficulty, Ayer maintained, was that intuitions or feelings of God’s presence were not quantifiable in terms of the five senses, and therefore not properly empirical.

“Because on Copleston’s view God doesn’t have a body, you can’t experience Him through the senses, although you may have a direct perception of Him with your mind,” my professor said. “Of course, you could experience Jesus empirically…”

I admit I kind of tuned out after this point in the lecture, because it set me off on a tangent resonating with my meditations on apologetics and the theology of the cross from this weekend. Paul says in 1 Timothy 2:5, “For there is one God, and there is one mediator between god and men, the man Christ Jesus.” Might it be the case that many of the “problems” in Christian apologetics and philosophy of religion come from trying to come to knowledge of God apart from His appointed Mediator? This was one of the prideful errors with which Luther indicted the theologians of glory. The thought stayed with me throughout the day.

How might this kind of Christ-centered approach to apologetics work in practice? Let’s consider the above problem of coming to knowledge of God’s existence and character. One might think, following Kant, that it is problematic or even impossible to know what God is like in Himself from our limited human perspective. It is not problematic, however, to believe that mere humans can come to the knowledge of an utterly transcendent God if that God Himself became a man. In fact it is utterly crucial that we have a God-Man Mediator in order to come to knowledge of God, as the context of 1 Timothy 2:5 is about coming to know the truth. Let us consider, too, the present tense of that verse: “There is one mediator.” Christ’s Incarnation is ongoing. As He sits at the right of His Father in Heaven right now, He is fully God and fully man. Is it strange to think, then, that He may reveal Himself to human beings? Christ’s Incarnation, Atonement, and ongoing Mediation mean that the epistemological and moral (because of the effects of sin on our minds) problems of coming to know God are not problems at all. Whenever God chooses to reveal Himself, He does. Scripture goes on to indicate that the way He does so is through His spoken word of the Gospel and His inscripturated word of the Bible, which includes the apostles’ testimony to their empirical experience of Jesus (Rom. 10:17, 1 Cor. 15:1-8, 2 Tim. 3:16, 2 Peter 1:16-21, 1 John 1:1-3).

Or take the problem of evil. A Christ-centered approach to evil would include some of the following points:

1. Jesus suffered for sin. If God Himself suffers evil in Christ, then our suffering is not meaningless.
2. The cross of Christ shows that God undermines the greatest evil for His good end.
3. The cross shows God defeating and destroying evil and bringing justice, inviting us into His Kingdom.

I believe these three points have been argued by Tim Keller, Carl Trueman, and N.T. Wright, respectively. None of them argue in an abstract and, what is in at least one sense of the term, sub-Christian way. Neither do they offer a clean syllogism for an answer. I think that is a good thing.

Well, this is just a thought, a starting point for further discussion. What do you think? Might a Christ-centered approach alleviate some of the perennial problems of Christian apologetics?

[an apologetic of the cross]

(Part one of a two-part series on Christ, the cross, and apologetics.)

The week of Easter is always a sweet time. With all of Christendom, we focus our hearts with rapt attention on those things that Paul said are of first importance, the heart of the Gospel: Christ’s death for our sins, His burial, and His resurrection, all according to the Scriptures (1 Cor. 15:1-4).

In my meditations this weekend, I came across this sentence from Martin Luther: Crux probat omnia. “The cross is the test of everything.”  That set me thinking on what an apologetic tested by the cross–a defense of the Christian faith that is true to the mysterious, humiliating, glorious first principle of that faith–would look like.

These thoughts led me to the first chapter of 1 Corinthians. Paul writes,

For the word of the cross is folly those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God. For it is written, ‘I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and the discernment of the discerning I will thwart.’ Where is the one who is wise? Where is the scribe? Where is the debater of this age? Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world? For since, in the wisdom of God, the world did not know God through wisdom, it pleased God through the folly of what we preach to save those who believe. For Jews demand signs and Greeks seek wisdom, but we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles, but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God. For the foolishness of God is wiser than men, and the weakness of God is stronger than men. (vv.18-25)

The cross is a scandal, an offense to every human mind whether Jew or Gentile. What does this mean for the apologist? Do we then abandon the project of making a reasonable case for the Christian faith?

I don’t think so. In 2 Corinthians 10:3-6, Paul makes clear that God uses us as means in His destruction of worldly wisdom. I think the import of this text for those who would defend and commend the Gospel of the offensive cross is this: It is a critique of the motives of our own hearts. Do we study arguments and evidences for Christianity in order to make ourselves more respectable to the world? Are seeking to carve out a niche of comfort for ourselves in the face of skepticism? Are we capitulating to the City of Man instead of contending for the City of God? If this is what we expect from the apologetic project, we will be disappointed. Rather, as we soundly reason in support of the Gospel, we will only make clear that Christ claims the whole man–that the cross is indeed the test of everything, the mind as well as the heart. And though many will surrender to the claims of our King as we do so, the general opposition of the world will increase. Our folly and humiliation and weakness will increase. And so will the power of Christ upon us (2 Cor. 12:9-10).

In his Heidelberg Disputation, Luther famously contrasted the “theologian of the cross” with the “theologian of glory.”

19. That person does not deserve to be called a theologian who looks upon the invisible things of God as though they were clearly perceptible in those things which have actually happened [Rom. 1:20].
20. He deserves to be called a theologian, however, who comprehends the visible and manifest things of God seen through suffering and the cross.
21. A theologian of glory calls evil good and good evil. A theologian of the cross calls the thing what it actually is.
22. That wisdom which sees the invisible things of God in works as perceived by man is completely puffed up, blinded, and hardened.

Would we use apologetics to avoid suffering the shame and ignominy of the way of the cross? Then we are apologists of glory. Would we proclaim the Lordship of Christ over every area of thought and life, and so draw the ire of the City of Man? Then we are propounding an apologetic of the cross.

[book review: death by love]

Death by Love, Mark Driscoll and Gerry Breshears. Wheaton: Crossway, 2008.

Brutal. That’s the best word I can think of to describe this book. Pastor Mark Driscoll, of Mars Hill Church Seattle fame, is unsparing in his treatment of the death of Jesus, the wickedness of sin, and the power of the Gospel in Death by Love. The work is composed of several letters written to people Mark has met, counseled, and pastored, applying the truth of Christ’s multi-faceted work on the cross to life. Each chapter is capped off by an “Answers to Common Questions” section by Driscoll’s mentor and writing partner Gerry Breshears. The book does a good job of defining and giving Old Testament and New Testament background for Biblical and theological terms like “Christus Victor,” “propitiation,” “expiation,” “redemption,” and “Christus Exemplar.” It is refreshing in the way it combines theological depth and rigor with practical application: Theological concepts don’t float around in the air in this book. I was refreshed and challenged by the Pastor Mark’s intent on communicating the life-changing truth of the cross. Don’t expect to agree with everything in here. Driscoll’s positions are nuanced and likely to raise questions all around in matters like spiritual warfare, the extent of the atonement, and the relationship between Charismatic and Calvinist theology. Also, be forewarned that there is some rough content in here. Sin is dealt with in all its ugliness.

I learned a lot as I read the book throughout last semester. But mostly Death by Love dogged and hounded me, constantly whispering, “Look to the cross and live!” as I battled through sin and struggle. For that I am grateful.

Recommended.

[the holy war]

It is true:
A just war is a glorious endeavor.
But that glory, with acidic fear
And reality’s bitter gall mixed,
Makes a heady cocktail offered up
To cracked and bleeding lips on
A soiled sponge.

Our Savior
Grappled invisibly with the evil one
As He hung bearing wrath
Upon the rugged tree and drained
The sour cup to dregs.

But O!
What small but mighty taste
Of joy lay at the bottom of
That cup! Out of His anguish,
By foreknowledge inexorable,
He saw His many offspring
Counted righteous, and the
Spoils for the resurrected Strong
Awaiting.

Now may I,
Made righteous by His blood
And with Him united, blessed,
And seated in the heavenlies,
Possessing all good things in Christ,
Remember, accept discipline,
Cast off every weight and sin besetting,
Look to Christ taste and see
Afore the joys laid up in Heaven,
Lift drooping hands and strengthen knees,
Strive for peace and holiness,
And take up again my God-given
Armor, become like Him in His death
And bear away the Kingdom-life
With holy violence.

May I hate
With perfect hatred every spiritual
Enemy, and my own sin indwelling,
Waging war not according to the flesh,
Armed to the teeth, weapons of
Righteousness in my right hand and left,
With full confidence not in
My own skill or strategy, but in
The gracious Sovereign under
Whose banner I rage.

These three
Are the secrets of war: Joy,
Mourning, and Liberty. Let me fix,
As did Christ, on sure knowledge
Of future joy vouchsafed to me
In Holy Scripture: I am destined
For glory; this war’s outcome
Is sure. At present let me
Mourn for sins abiding and be
Comforted by the Gospel, putting
To death the body’s deeds.
A free man fights most valiantly,
And when freedom is at stake
He fights with the strength
Of a score of slaves. Stand firm,
Then, (O Lord, grant it that I would!)
And submit not again yourself
To slavery. Grace sweeps over
All my sins from past to
Future, a crimson tide, as the
Red Sea swallowed up Pharaoh
And his armies.

O Lord God,
Let me live in the faithful tension
Between “The battle belongs
To the Lord” and “Everywhere
You put your feet, you will conquer.”
Grant that I, your soldier-servant-son,
Free in bondage to the Truth, would
Fight unending and courageously,
With faith not in those efforts
But in Your mighty hand. For Your
Name’s sake, O God, give me
Victory against my foes.

Amen.

[sound doctrine pt. 3]

We’re going to take a break from following the flow of redemptive history in this series, [sound doctrine]. If you remember, part 2 concerned God’s revelation of Himself in the created order, in Christ, and in Scripture, which is the foundation of all our knowledge. The only reason we know about God’s action in history to redeem lost sinners is because He has revealed it to us! The song that went along with that post was my musical adaptation of Psalm 19. This week we’re gonna back up a notch for a meditation on Psalm 18.

The title of Psalm 18 tells us that David “addressed the words of this song to the LORD on the day when the LORD rescued him from the hand of all his enemies, and from the hand of Saul.” It’s a Psalm about rescue and warfare, about the Lord going to war on behalf of David and rescuing David from his enemies.

Man, where I’ve been at this summer, this Psalm is a salve for my soul. I’ve been embattled with mind-games and anxiety and been close to despairing. Throughout the month of May the Lord was teaching me about how to daily go to war against sin and for faith, and in the ensuing weeks I abandoned that teaching and chose to believe lies. I’ve failed to oppose temptation and succumbed to sin. But the Lord went to war on my behalf, and He is mighty to save! He has delivered me from my enemies.

I can’t say like David that “The LORD dealt with me according to my righteousness; according to the cleanness of my hands he rewarded me.” (v. 20) But I can say that He dealt with me according to the righteousness of Christ, Who stood condemned in my place on the cross and bore the wrath that I deserved. “For our sake he made him to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God.” (2 Cor. 5:21)

The Lord has “trained my hands for war” just as He trained David’s. (v. 34) But not against physical enemies like David faced. Rather, I battle against the sin that still dwells within me, the Enemy, Satan, who attempts to accuse and confuse me, and all the other enemies mentioned in the previous post. And the outcome of this battle is sure, because part of what happened at the cross is that God triumphed over evil in Christ. “He disarmed the rulers and authorities and put them to open shame, by triumphing over them in him.” (Col. 2:15)

I don’t know if where you’re at this summer accords in any with me. But if it does, I hope you are encouraged, because you’re not alone. For all who have trusted in Christ alone for the forgiveness of our sin, God doesn’t treat us as we deserve. He treats us according to Christ’s perfect obedience. And he trains us and empowers us to go to war against our enemies, especially indwelling sin, and we can know victory just like David. This week the Lord has delivered me from a miserable month into knowing His joy again.

“Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the strength of his might.” (Eph. 6:10)

The song that came out of this meditation on Psalm 18 is entitled Warfare Psalm. Just like what is written above, it takes the truths of Psalm 18 and sets them in New Testament context.

For your joy in the Divine Warrior,

Jonathan

Here’s a link to the file for your enjoyment and edification, and the lyrics are below:

http://www.mediafire.com/?1i9j2gqtl3j

Warfare Psalm

I love You
O LORD, my strength.
You’re my Rock
And Fortress sure.
When I call
On Your great Name,
Worthy of praise,
Then I am saved.

You, You are the LORD;
You train my hands for war,
And my steps are secure.
You are the LORD,
Mighty in wrath, mighty to save.

You have dealt
Well with me,
Not as I
Deserve, O LORD:
According to
The righteousness
Of Your Son
Given to me.

You, You are the LORD;
You train my hands for war,
And my steps are secure.
You are the LORD,
Mighty in wrath, mighty to save.

The humble You will save,
For You equip with strength.
By You I run against a troop,
And leap a wall.
As I pursue my sin,
In this war within me,
Spirit be my strength to kill it
Until the end.

You, You are the LORD;
You train my hands for war,
And my steps are secure.
You are the LORD,
Mighty in wrath, mighty to save.

[love and knowledge]

In my Logos small group Bible study, we are going through the Sermon on the Mount. One of the more puzzling passages in there for me has always been Matthew 6:19-23:

“Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy and where thieves break in and steal, but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust destroys and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also. The eye is the lamp of the body. So, if your eye is healthy, your whole body will be full of light, but if your eye is bad, your whole body will be full of darkness. If then the light in you is darkness, how great is the darkness!”

The relationship between the “storing up treasures in heaven” and the “eye is the lamp of the body” parts has always been a little mysterious to me. The connection seems to be this: the question of knowledge is fundamentally an ethical question. Perceiving God, ourselves, and our world truly and rightly is contingent upon valuing all of those things rightly.

For example, if our values are skewed, we will tend to make the cross of Jesus Christ an expression of our own worth, a sort of nuclear-option self-esteem booster. “Look here, now. Don’t get down on yourself! God thinks you’re worth so much, He sent His Son to die for you!”

That’s a very subtle corruption of the truth. If we are ethically in line, we will see that God is infinitely valuable. The cross, then, can’t be an expression of our worth. If God valued us more highly than Himself, He would be an idolator! The cross must instead be “to the praise of His glorious grace,” an expression of His glorious, merciful character. It’s not about us.

In his book The Defense of the Faith, Cornelius Van Til extends that truth in this way: “Christ’s work as priest cannot be separated from his work as prophet. Christ could not give us true knowledge of God and the universe unless he died for us as priest. The question of knowledge is an ethical question at the root. It is indeed possible to have theoretically correct knowledge about God without loving God. The devil illustrates this point. Yet what is meant by knowing God in Scripture is knowing and loving God: this is true knowledge of God: the other is false.”

The view of the cross that makes it a testament to our own worth is correct on some theoretical points. It realizes our sin and the need for atonement that we cannot provide. But this view doesn’t love God; it doesn’t display Him as supremely valuable. It loves us. Therefore it is false knowledge, because it misses the fundamental truth of God’s value.

This is a good reminder for a guy like me who loves to think and read and coldly consumes theoretical knowledge without being moved to love God. It’s not that I have good knowledge that just needs to “get moved from my head to heart.” I have bad knowledge if I don’t have love!

Love and knowledge

Go together like a horse and carriage…

or something like that!

[atonement // a sonnet]

O, would that I did always rest
So sweetly in the merits of
My Savior, from Whose battered breast
Flow streams of fear-outcasting love,

As these two weeks of late have I.
The poor in spirit’s uttered cry
Of shame becomes a shout of joy,
Distresses vexed which did annoy,

As Death itself was made to die
When Christ absorbed the wrath of God.
So through the doorposts stepping, I,
Where “Victory” is scrawled in blood,

Do freely into Freedom go
When Substitution’s grace I know.

[(comm)unity pt. 4]

‘Therefore, having put away falsehood, let each one of you speak the truth with his neighbor, for we are members of one another.’ Ephesians 4.25

So what does (comm)unity look like? Sharing levity and gravity, purpose and pleasure, laughter and tears: in a word, life! ‘This does not mean that we are to be perpetually solemn. We must play. But our merriment must be of that kind (and it is, in fact, the merriest kind) which exists between people who have, from the outset, taken each other seriously–no flippancy, no superiority, no presumption.’ C.S. Lewis, “The Weight of Glory”

To recap, then:

1.) (comm)unity is rooted in the character of God.
2.) (comm)unity is commanded of the Church.
3.) (comm)unity comes from genuine love for one another.
4.) Genuine love for one another comes from valuing Christ supremely.
5.) (comm)unity is a means for reaching the lost.
6.) (comm)unity is, ultimately, a means to joy in God.
7.) Therefore, (comm)unity begins and ends with God’s glory.

All of this rests on the finished work of Christ and the ongoing work of the Holy Spirit. Though (comm)unity doesn’t just ‘happen’ and we must work at it, it depends not on us, whose righteousness is filth and efforts are ineffectual, but on God ‘who cannot fail or fall.’ [George Herbert, "The Holdfast"]

Sources:

C.S. Lewis. The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses.
D.A. Carson. “The Supremacy of Christ and Love.” 2006 Desiring God National Conference.
Francis Schaeffer. The God Who Is There.
George Herbert. The Temple.
The Holy Bible, English Standard Version.
John Piper. “The Supremacy of Christ and Joy.” 2006 Desiring God National Conference.
Jonathan Matthews. Sermons on John 17.1-5 and 17.20-26
Marc Sandhu. Sermon on John 17.6-19.

[the cross on every page]

A very lovely post on cross-focused devotion.

http://buzzardblog.typepad.com/buzzard_blog/2007/11/bible-reading-a.html